
Cyclooxygenase (COX) is an enzyme your body produces that regulates prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are mediators and messengers. You have two cyclooxygenase enzymes – COX 1 and COX 2. COX 1 is an enzyme that regulates prostaglandins that maintain the health of your stomach and kidneys. COX 2 is an enzyme is created when inflammation occurs due to injury or illness.
You take a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) to reduce pain associated with an injury, headache, toothache or other illness or condition. Scientists discovered that if the COX 2 enzyme could be inhibited from forming, the recovery would be faster and the pain would be lessened. Think about it for a moment. Assume you close the car door on your finger (this happened to me not very long ago). The first thing you feel is the initial pain of the crushing of the door against the finger. You might or might not have broken the skin, but as you look at your finger, you discover that it begins to turn red, it becomes hotter and it begins to swell. You can actually feel pain associated with the injury. The COX 2 enzyme was activated to induce swelling to prevent infection around that injury – a perfectly natural reaction of the body to protect itself. However, the swelling adds to recovery time and exacerbates the pain associated with the injury.
What if you could inhibit or prevent the COX 2 enzyme from doing its job? Normal healing would begin and the pain would not be as great. NSAIDs (aspirin, acetaminophen, and other over the counter pain medicines) block the formation of COX 2. It relieves the pain and you are happy. No more pain or ache. Like every drug, an NSAID has a side effect. One side effect of a COX 2 inhibitor drug is to inhibit the COX 1 enzyme also.
Inhibiting COX 1 is not something you want to do. COX 1 is required to keep your stomach lining healthy. Your stomach lining cells are replaced every few days. Interrupt this cycle and you can have serious damage to your stomach lining. COX 1 also affects blood clotting. If COX 1 is inhibited, then your stomach lining can be disrupted. Stomach acid will create stomach irritation and digestive tract problems. Intestinal or stomach bleeding will occur over time. Your risk of serious health problems will increase. All because the COX 1 enzyme was inhibited and not allowed to perform its job while you took a medicine to control pain.
Scientists developed COX 2 drugs that prevented COX 2 from forming while causing very little COX 1 inhibition. However, the additional side effects of these ‘COX 2 selective’ drugs (VIOXX, CELEBREX, etc) are far worse than inhibited the COX 1 enzyme. NSAIDs, which inhibit the COX 1 enzyme, account for 16,500 deaths each year and over 100,000 hospitalizations in the United States alone. How many of you are taking ‘low dose’ aspirin to lower your risk of a heart attack or stroke? Now matter how low the dose is, your COX 1 enzyme is being inhibited and you are putting your stomach and kidneys at risk.
I’ve made it a personal quest of mine to research and examine anything that claims to be a COX 2 inhibitor without inhibiting the COX 1 enzyme. I’ve only found two supplements to date that can do this. I came across several more items this past month that advocated the suppression of COX-2, but did not mention COX-1. I did my due diligence in hopes that I would find another supplement that would be beneficial to all.
One article stated that thyme oil inhibits COX-2 and suppresses inflammation. Actually, there are six essential oils – thyme, clove, rose, eucalyptus, fennel and bergamot – that show positive COX-2 inhibition, but the thyme essential oil works better than the others do. An essential oil is simply the concentrated essence of the main aromatic chemical compound. Essential oils are usually obtained by distillation or solvent extraction, and are used in aromatherapy. Essential oils have been used for generations to address a number of different maladies.
Further research found that thyme oil inhibited both COX-1 and COX-2 almost equally. There were no side effects that I could find. It was interesting that most of the research articles never mentioned the COX-1 inhibition – I thought that was interesting. Omega-3 fatty acid is another COX-2 inhibitor that I read about this past month. Omega-3 fatty acid is made up of EPA and DHA. EPA is eicosapentaenoic acid and DHA is docosahexaenoic acid. Again, most of the literature lauded the beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acid in the suppression of COX-2. However, after digging far enough I found that omega-3 fatty acid does inhibit COX-1. However, there are trade-offs that you have to know about.
I had to do more research because omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids are essential oils for good health. The biochemistry of each of the omega 3 and 6 fatty acids provided some interesting and reinforcing data. Omega 3 and 6 fatty acids can be inflammatory or anti-inflammatory – imagine that! Omega 3 is an anti-inflammatory agent. It improves your health and reduces the risk of cancer, diabetes and other cardiovascular diseases. At the end of the biochemical process the COX 1 enzyme is actually used to create EPA. In this case, it does not inhibit the COX 1 enzyme, but actually uses it as part of its biochemical processing.
High levels of omega 6 compared to omega 3 are not healthy. Omega 6 can be pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory – depending on the levels of omega 3 and other nutrients such as magnesium and B vitamins. The typical diet in the United States has ratios of omega 6 to omega 3 in the range of 20:1 to 40:1. This is highly inflammatory and detrimental to your health. Continuous and chronic levels of inflammation in your body increase your risk of degenerative diseases and aging. Both omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids are needed for good health – don’t eliminate omega 6 fatty acid from your diet – just moderate the amount your take and ensure that your omega 3 to omega 6 ratio is closer to 1:2 or 1:4. A good indicator of your heart health risk is the measurement of your omega 3 to omega 6 fatty acids – far better than homocysteine levels and cholesterol. COX 2 is used at the end of the biochemical process rather than COX 1 that increases the inflammatory processes in your body.
The last article addressed N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and COX-2 inhibition. NAC also inhibits COX-1. Thyme oil, omega-3 fatty acid and NAC provide many benefits that all of us should consider worthy of our consideration. For example, omega-3 fatty acid inhibits the COX-2 enzyme that typically promotes inflammation. Omega-3 fatty acid inhibits inflammation by several other processes at the same time. Omega-3 fatty acid targets interleukin 1-beta, leukotriene B4, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and thromboxane – all of which promote inflammation through different methods. NAC enhances glutathione, reduces oxidative stress, provides protection against influenza, improves insulin sensitivity, fights Helicobacter pylori (infection that causes ulcers) – just to name a few.
Your diets give you access to thyme oil, omega-3 fatty acid and NAC. These highly beneficial compounds are going to be present in your bodies through normal eating. In fact, because of the choices you make in eating, some of you will have significantly more of these items than others. The United States population is drowning in omega-6 fatty acid and missing omega-3 fatty acid. Omega-6 fatty acids are typically found in vegetable oil, corn oil, safflower oil, soybean oil, and many other food groups (avocado, eggs, poultry, pumpkin seeds, etc.). Omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids are found in combination in many common oils. Fish oil contains over ten times omega 3 to omega 6 fatty acid. Flaxseed oil contains four times omega 3 to omega 6 fatty acid. Safflower oil contains no omega-3 fatty acid. Canola oil contains two times omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid. Corn oil contains over thirty times omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid. If you wanted to reduce your omega-6 fatty acid intake, you should eliminate or significantly reduce safflower oil and corn oil. You can do that easily in your cooking oil selection, but you can’t control what you get in restaurants
I use olive oil (an omega-9 oil) and coconut oil (a medium chain fatty acid) for cooking. I could write several blogs on coconut oil – it is that beneficial for your health. Olive oil contains almost no omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Olive oil contains approximately 85% monounsaturated fat (oleic acid). Omega-9 oil is not an essential fatty acid since your body can produce omega-9 fatty acid from unsaturated fat. Omega-3, omega-6 and omega-9 oils are all unsaturated fatty acids and are generally considered healthy. However, as I mentioned earlier, it is the ratio that determines your optimal health – especially your heart health.
To finish the story of COX 1 and COX 2, two natural supplements inhibit the COX 2 enzyme without inhibiting the COX 1 enzyme. They are mangosteen and curcumin (turmeric). There is a specific xanthone in the mangosteen fruit that has been shown to specifically inhibit the COX 2 enzyme without any inhibition of the COX 1 enzyme. Remember earlier the finger in the car door episode? I went inside immediately and drank six ounces of whole fruit mangosteen juice. Later that night I drank three ounces and then continued my normal three ounces/day regimen after that. I never had any swelling, redness or heat around the injury. I had full flexibility (without pain) in that joint (middle finger) and could do every normal function during the day without any feeling of pain. If I squeezed on the spot where the injury was, I could feel pain, but I stopped doing that quickly.
Your Prosperity Professor, Red O’Laughlin
Copyright 2011 by MRO Global, LLC
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